INTRODUCTION: The consumption of medicines has been increasing over the last decades. Lack of medication knowledge (MK) may affect the process of medication use and, consequently, may lead to negative health outcomes. This study aimed to carry out a pilot study using a new tool to assess medication knowledge in older patients in a daily clinical practice.
METHODS: An exploratory cross-sectional study was carried out, including older patients (≥ 65 years), taking two or more medicines, followed in a regional clinic. Data were collected during a structured interview which included an algorithm for the assessment of MK regarding the identification of the medicines and its use and storage conditions. Health literacy and treatment adherence were also assessed.
RESULTS: The study enrolled 49 patients, mainly between 65-75 years (n=33; 67.3%) and polymedicated (n=40; 81.6%), taking a mean of 6.9 ± 2.8 medicines per day. A lack of MK (score < 50%) was observed in 15 (30.6%) participant patients. “Drug strength” and “Storage conditions” were the items which presented lowest score. MK was positively correlated with higher scores for health literacy and treatment adherence. Younger patients (age < 65 years old) also had a higher MK score.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study showed that the applied tool was able to evaluate the MK of the participants and identified specific gaps regarding MK within the process of medicines use. Further studies, with more participants will allows the confirmation of these findings and will stimulate the development of specific strategies to improve MK, thus contributing to better health outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections are common in children. To treat the symptoms of simple health problems, individuals look for natural healing methods that they can be easily prepared at home. The aim of this study is to determine the plants and herbal products used by the parents of children suffering from viral upper respiratory tract symptoms by using questionair. In the study, applications and products, other than plants used by families for their children were also investigated.
METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine. A questionnaire form was used by scanning the existing literature and reviewed with the patients face to face by the researchers. The data obtained from the study were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical program.
RESULTS: About half of the participants reported that they used nonchemical drug practices for their children with upper respiratory tract infections. The most common practice was to prepare herbal tea (30,5 %), followed by mandarin/orange and/or their juice (26,9%) for oral application. The most used herbal tea for upper respiratory tract infections was made out of linden (Tilia sp.). Individuals who use linden usually prepared it as tea in other words by infusion and served their children 1-2 cups/1-3 times a week. Except for herbal tea, the participants mostly used honey (19.0%) for their children's symptoms.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Where available appropriate doses and dosage forms of herbal supplement products with scientifically proven efficacy and safety should be determined for the pediatric population. Parents should use these products based on recommendations of their pediatrician

INTRODUCTION: The intracellular parasitic protozoan, Leishmania spp., causes several forms of diseases in humans. Cytotoxicity and emergence of new strains resistance to the current anti-leishmanial drugs have encouraged researchers to focus on new resources. Glucosinolates are found mainly in the Brassicaceae family with potential cytotoxic and anti-parasitic properties. The present study reports in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of glucosinolate (GSL) fraction from Alyssum linifolium seeds against Leishmania major.
METHODS: The GSL fraction was prepared by ion-exchange and reversed-phase chromatography. For assessment of antileishmanial activity, the promastigotes and amastigotes of L. major were treated with different concentrations of the fraction (75-625 μg/mL).
RESULTS: The IC50 was 245 µg/mL for anti-promastigote effect of GSL fraction and 250 µg/mL for its anti-amastigote effect which had significant difference (P<0.05) with both Glucantime and amphotericin B. The selectivity index of GSL fraction (15.8), like Glucantime and amphotericin B, was greater than 10, indicating the selective effect of this fraction against L. major amastigotes. Glucoiberverin was the major constituent of GSL fraction characterized using NMR and EI-MS spectra. Based on GC-MS data, iberverin and iberverin nitrile, the hydrolysis constituents from glucoiberverin, included 76.91% of the total seed volatiles.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results suggest that glucosinolates like glucoiberverin could be considered as a new promising candidate for further studies on anti-leishmanial activity.

GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Çalışma, yara bölgesine ilaç vermek için Resveratrol RSV yüklü mikro süngerleri formüle etmeyi ve yara yönetimi için uygun bir nemli ortam sağlamak üzere Moringa oleifera jel bazına dahil etmeyi amaçladı. Bir stilbenoid olan RSV (RSV), yara iyileşmesi sürecinde yer alan hücre sinyal düzenleyicileri olan Sirtuinleri (SIRT'ler) aktive eder
YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: Mikro süngerler, bağımsız değişkenler optimize edilerek yağ içinde yağ emülsiyonu çözücü difüzyon yöntemiyle hazırlandı; ilaç: polimer oranı ve iç faz çözücü hacmi ve bunların tutma verimliliği ve parçacık boyutu üzerindeki etkileri. Formülasyon serileri, ilaç içeriği, üretim verimi, yakalama verimliliği ve in vitro ilaç salımı açısından değerlendirildi. Mikro süngerler ayrıca, daha sonra yayılabilirlik, viskozite ve ex vivo difüzyon çalışması için değerlendirilen Moringa oleifera sakız jeline dahil edildi ve sıçanlarda eksizyon yara modeli kullanılarak yapılan in vivo çalışmalar
BULGULAR: SEM, mikro süngerlerin küresel ve gözenekli yapısını ortaya çıkardı Optimize edilmiş RSV mikro süngerleri serisinin in vitro salım çalışması, 8 saat içinde %80.88 ilaç salımını gösterdi. DSC sonuçları, mikro süngerlerin oluşumu sırasında hiçbir ilaç ve polimer etkileşimi göstermedi. Keçi derisi yoluyla yapılan ex vivo difüzyon çalışması, yara bölgesinde jel bazına gömülü gözenekli mikro süngerler yoluyla sürekli RSV salınımını ortaya çıkardı. Eksizyon yara modeli kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen in vivo çalışma, yara iyileşmesini ve 8. gün içinde kapanmayı gösterdi. Histopatoloji, Sham ile ameliyat edilene kıyasla RSV mikro sünger jel ile tedavi edilen grupta artmış yeniden epitelizasyon ve daha az ülserasyon gösterdi.
TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: RSV mikro sünger jel, ilacı yara bölgesine dağıttı ve jel tabanı nemli ortamı sağladı ve hücre yapışmasını etkileyerek yara iyileşmesini hızlandırdı.

INTRODUCTION: The study was aimed to formulate Resveratrol RSV-loaded microsponges to deliver drug at the wound site and incorporate it in the Moringa oleifera gel base to provide an appropriate moist environment for wound management. RSV (RSV), a stilbenoid activates Sirtuins (SIRTs), cell-signaling regulators involved in the process of wound healing.
METHODS: Microsponges were prepared by oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion method by optimizing the independent variables; drug: polymer ratio and volume of internal phase solvent and their effects on entrapment efficiency and particle size. Formulation batches were evaluated for drug content, production yield, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release. The microsponges were further incorporated into Moringa oleifera gum gel, which was then evaluated for spreadability, viscosity, ex vivo diffusion study and in vivo studies using excision wound model in rats.
RESULTS: SEM revealed spherical and porous nature of the microsponges In vitro release study of the of optimized batch of RSV microsponges showed 80.88 % drug release within 8 h. DSC results revealed no drug and polymer interaction during formation of microsponges. Ex vivo diffusion study through goat skin revealed sustained release of RSV through porous microsponges embedded in the gel base at the wound site. In vivo study performed using excision wound model showed wound healing and closure within day 8. Histopathology showed increased re-epithelization and reduced ulceration in RSV microsponge gel treated group compared with Sham operated.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: RSV microsponge gel delivered the drug at the wound site and the gel base provided the moist environment and influenced cell adhesion thereby promoting faster wound healing.

INTRODUCTION: The development of antimicrobial molecules that have been discussed with big achievement over the past decades provided many classes of semisynthetic or synthetic compounds. The resistance to many antimicrobial agents requires the discovery of novel molecules.
METHODS: In this study, ten previously reported ethyl paraben hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. The microbroth dilution method was used for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of novel molecules.
RESULTS: The antimicrobial activities of the molecules were found in a wide range with MIC values of 2-256 μg/mL. The synthesized compounds showed good to moderate antimicrobial activity compared with the standards. Among the synthesized molecules, Compound 3g showed the best antimicrobial activity at 2 (μg/mL) to Staphylococcus aureus strain (ATCC 29213).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ethyl Paraben hydrazide-hydrazone compounds in our study were found to have antimicrobial activities. Ethyl paraben is currently used as an antibacterial agent and preservative in preparations. These studies are necessary since they detect the relationship between the substitutions and activity.

INTRODUCTION: Olmesartan medoximil (OLM) and Metoprolol succinate (MPS) in fixed dose combination (FDC) tablet formulation prescribed extensively. Stability indicating (SI) method for impurities and related substance (RS) test quantitates the amount of these analytes in formulation; the manuscript presents stability indicating SI/RS-UHPLC-PDA method for OLM and MPS and their impurities.
METHODS: Well-resolved separation of all analytes achieved with gradient elution on Shimadzu on Shimpack GIST-C18 (100mm X 2.1mm, 2 micron) column maintained at 25 °C. Mobile phase-A consist of 0.1% Orthophosphoric acid in water and mobile phase-B was acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min, data integrated at 225 nm and 16 min. of short runtime for satisfactory elution of all the peaks.
RESULTS: Proposed SI/RS-UHPLC-PDA method was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. System suitability test complied by all eluted peaks of the interest with acceptable linearity, recovery and precision. Specificity, robustness and method sensitivity parameters determined; all the parameters found to be within the limits. All impurities and stress-degraded peaks were well resolved.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The proposed method found to be simple, fast, linear and accurate. Further, the method is precise, robust and specific; suitable for routine IPQC during API manufacturing, stability and impurity profiling studies of the titled bulk analytes. Furthermore, the method can be extended to assess the levels of impurities formed during life cycle of new FDCs of titled analytes.

INTRODUCTION: Determination of the drug substance (DS) and drug product (DP) stability is especially important for biosimilar monoclonal antibodies since it can affect the quality, efficacy, and safety of the drugs. The main objective of this study was to determine the stability of the biosimilar candidate (TUR01) using state-of-the-art (current) analytical techniques.
METHODS: Analytical techniques used in this study were isoelectric focusing capillary electrophoresis (icIEF), capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS), size exclusion chromatography (SEC-UPLC), binding affinity, physicochemical and microbiological tests. Drug substance was kept in PETG bottles at ≤ -65.0°C and 5.0°C ± 3.0°C for 18 months, where the pre-filled syringe stability study was carried out at 5.0°C ± 3.0°C for 24 months and 25.0 ± 2.0°C / 60% ± 5 RH for 6 months. The accelerated condition for DS was accepted as 5.0°C ± 3.0°C, while it was 25.0 ± 2.0°C for the DP.
RESULTS: The results indicated that TUR01 DS was stable when stored under long term storage conditions at ≤ -65°C and also at 5 ± 3℃ at least 18 months. Also, the TUR01 DP was stable at 5 ± 3℃ for 24 months and at 25 ± 2℃ with 60 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 2 months without any significant changes.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: State-of-the-art analytical techniques proved to be invaluable tools to evaluate the stability of the TUR01 drug substance and drug product.

Paclitaxel is at present utilized as viable anticancer medication in the chemotherapy of breast, ovarian, lung, bladder, neck, head, esophageal tumors. The focus of this review is to survey various folate-targeting paclitaxel loaded nano preparations in both research and clinical applications. There are diverse nano preparations including liposomes, micelles, polymeric nano preparations, lipid nano preparations, lipoprotein nano carriers, and other inorganic nano preparations for folate associated paclitaxel tumor targeting. Here, the folate targeting paclitaxel loaded nano preparations which have promising results in constructive treatment of cancer by reducing toxic side-effects and/or improving effectiveness were mainly reviewed.