INTRODUCTION: Structural chromosome 18 anomalies are characterized by multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. In this study, 6 cases with structural anomalies of chromosome 18 diagnosed by using conventional and molecular cytogenetic analyses are presented.
METHODS: Six cases who were carrying structural chromosome 18 abnormalities were enrolled in the study. Developmental milestones, growth parameters and dysmorphologic features were evaluated by experienced clinical geneticists. Laboratory analysis including genetic tests, imaging studies, eye and hearing examinations were obtained from medical records, retrospectively.
RESULTS: All cases had karyotype analysis, 2 cases had fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and one case had microarray analysis which were performed by using peripheral blood. A total of 6 cases in which del(18p) in one case, del(18q) in 4 cases and i(18q) in one case were evaluated.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although a wide range of phenotypic findings could be seen in patients who carry structural chromosome 18 anomalies depending on affected chromosomal region and size, some additional novel features are presented in our series which will contribute to the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a significant risk factor for various adverse neonatal outcomes like prematurity, respiratory distress, birth asphyxia and early onset neonatal sepsis. Due to the public health relevance of this topic, pertaining to its increasing burden, this study was done to identify risk factors and predictors of neonatal outcomes among babies born to mothers with PROM.
METHODS: 3 year retrospective record based descriptive study with 254 neonates delivered at a tertiary care hospital in coastal Karnataka, India.
RESULTS: Mean age of mothers was 28.57+/-4.3 years. Prematurity(39.3%)followed by hyperbilirubinemia(15.7% )and respiratory distress (12.2% ) were the common complications seen, with a neonatal mortality of 2.3%. Antenatal complications (24.8%) and medical issues in the mother (13.7%) were the most common maternal risk factors associated with PROM. Although 59% cases delivered vaginally, Emergency Caesarean section was the mode of delivery in 97% of Caesarean cases. Median duration of latency was 590 minutes(IQR – 390-1020) with highest median latency seen for 28-32 weeks of gestation which was 1380 minutes (IQR – 672.5- 3386.25). Primi parity(OR- 1.99, 95% CI- 1.01-3.91, p- 0.04)and preterm gestation( OR-2.12, 95% CI – 1.08-4.14, p- 0.025)were factors associated with increased latency period. Latency period >24 hours was found to be a significant factor associated with poor APGAR score(OR- 5.83, 95% CI- 2.85-11.93, p< 0.001) and NICU admission(OR-5.98, 95% CI- 2.95-12.14, p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: PROM is associated with a significant risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality with most common complications being prematurity and low birth weight. Prolonged PROM increases the risk of neonatal complications. Early recognition and prompt management would reduce delay in intervention and also reduce risk of neonatal complications.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric hypertension, a public health concern, is now commonly known worldwide to be an early risk factor for cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. Early detection of hypertension is of utmost importance to help reduce serious complications. Several distributions of country-spesific blood pressure (BP) percentiles have been established worldwide. The aim of this study is to determine BP percentiles in healthy Turkish children aged 2 to 18 years.
METHODS: In this cross sectional study, BP was measured in 4984 random children and adolescents aged 2-17 years. The 50th, 90th and 95th percentile of BP percentiles were constracted for sex, age and height with the use polynomial regression model. BP percentiles at median height were compared with the US Fourth Report references.
RESULTS: The normative values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased with age at both genders and varied by sex. At median height, the age-specific differences in 90th percentile of SBP tended to be heigher in boys than in girls at all ages. DBP values in girls was higher than in boys till the age of 9 years, after which boys demonstrated higher values compared to girls.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The age and height specific reference BP values constructed in this study is novel Turkish reference in children and adolescents. BP values are lower than existing US reference values.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of e-health literacy on health promotion behaviors on high school students
METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional and relational study was conducted between May-June 2019 in a high school chosen by random sampling method from high schools of Narlıdere District of İzmir Province. Data were collected using Descriptive Information Form, e-Health Literacy Scale in Adolescents and Adolescent Health Promotion Scale. The data collected from the study will be analyzed using numbers, percentages, average, pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis in SPSS 22.0.
RESULTS: The students of 57.1% included in the study were male and the mean age of the students was 16.52 ±.92. It was found that 47% of the students were studying in the 10th grade. Of the students’ mothers, 42.1% were primary school graduates, while 29.2% of the fathers were primary school graduates. It was determined that 95% of the students used the internet, 69.4% accessed the internet via mobile phone and 65.3% did not take health promotion lessons at school. It was also seen that there was a positive moderate relationship between e-health literacy and mean health promotion scale scores of high school students, and that 17% of the factors affecting adolescent health promotion behaviors were explained by total e-health literacy mean scores (r =.416; p <.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between e-health literacy and health promotion behaviors of the students, but it was found that the total score means of health promotion behaviors were not at the desired level. Starting from the early period, it is recommended to conduct interventional studies aimed at gaining health promotion behaviors in children and adolescents.

INTRODUCTION:
The study aims to determine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Children’s Emotional Manifestation Scale (T-CEMS).
METHODS: The sample of this methodological-type study consisted of 62 children between the ages of 7 and 12 years who were entered to the clinic for day surgery.
RESULTS: The content validity index of the scale is.96, and thus, the scale is statistically significant. Internal consistency was found to be between.95 and.96 using Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient. The results show that inter-rater reliability is sufficient.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the Children’s Emotional Manifestation Scale is valid and reliable for measuring the emotional reactions of children before stressful medical processes or during the preoperative period.

INTRODUCTION: It is important to place the “Patient safety culture” in institutions in establishing patient safety in health care. In this study, some factors affecting the patient safety culture and perceptions of health workers working in paediatrics services are investigated.
METHODS: The descriptive type of research was conducted with a total of 158 health professionals,253 nurses, 50 physicians and 461 other health workers in four hospitals in Bursa. The data was collected using surveys. The patient safety culture was measured using the Turkish version of the “Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSoPSC)”. To determine the factors that affect patient safety culture in “Personal Information Form”. The alpha value of the scale α=0.91.
RESULTS: 36.2% of health workers is 26-35 age, working as a nurse to 54.8%. Hospital health workers on hospital survey on patient safety culture survey overall score of 51% determined as the Highest positive response %71.55 “teamwork within units” sub-dimension and the lowest positive response %28.06 “no punishment response to the errors”. Marital status, age, occupation, working hours, professional experience, having worked on patient safety in the enterprise and volume factors influencing the answers belong to the survey of employees. It is determined that the majority of healthcare workers in pediatrics services know the concept of patient safety and that they are implementing patient safety initiatives while giving care.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As a result; levels of the patient safety culture of employees on an ongoing basis, institutions and among employees is proposed to be made of the evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Prevention of infiltration/extravasation in pediatric patients is important. This study has examined the effect of an education program aims to prevent and manage pediatric infiltration and extravasation, on infiltration and extravasation rates in pediatric patients.
METHODS: This is a semi-experimental study in single group pretest-posttest design. A sample of 79 nurses staff, 289 IV catheters of 150 pediatric patients. Pediatric infiltration/extravasation training was given to the nurses and the effectiveness of the training program and infiltration/extravasation rates before and after the training were evaluated.
RESULTS: Compared to pre-education phase, there was significant increase in nurses’ knowledge mean scores in post-education phase (t: 7.328; p<0.001). The education program was implemented based on the probability rate that was calculated by the researchers; this enabled reducing pediatric I/E 12-fold (odds ratio: 12.214, 95% CI).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study has led to an improvement in nursing care, the quality of patient care and has helped progress toward increased patient safety.

INTRODUCTION: Background: As situational phobia, nomophobia is the fear experienced in the absence of a cell phone. Nomophobia leads to situations that negatively affect children’s health.
Objective: The aim is to conduct validity and reliability studies for the Turkish version Nomophobia Scale.

METHODS: Methods: The study was conducted with volunteer students from three secondary schools and two high schools whose parents’ approval was acquired. Expert opinions, a pilot study, and calculation of validity and reliability stages were applied. For data analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, content validity index, Pearson correlation analysis, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis, explanatory factor analysis, and t-tests were used.
RESULTS: Results: This study included 818 voluntary child participants. Of the participants, 56.7% were girls. In all, 91.5% of participating children were connected to the Internet on their mobile phones, and 67.2% had their own computer. The age range of participants was 9-18 years, and the average age was 14.1±2.32 years. The scale accounts for 57.8% of the total variance. Cronbach’s alpha for the whole scale was identified as 0.90. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the factor coefficient was over 0.30, and the fit indices were over 0.90.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The Turkish version of the NMP-Q is reliable and valid for the 9-18 age group.

INTRODUCTION: From the discovery of vaccines, opposing views emerged and have spread to the present day. Despite based on different beliefs in different societies, anti-vaccination has become a rapidly growing social movement worldwide. The resistance to vaccination was included among the health hazards at global level by the World Health Organization in 2019. In the literature review, some studies conducted on vaccine rejection, vaccine hesitations and vaccine acceptance were found in different countries, but no studies were found in Turkey in which vaccine hesitation was examined. The main reason was considered as the lack of a vaccine attitude scale adapted into Turkish language.
To adapt a vaccination attitudes scale-validity and reliability of which was proved in foreign empirical studies-into Turkish language and publish the scale in the field literature to be used in future vaccination attitudes studies in Turkey.

METHODS: This study is a methodological study. The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) Scale was translated into Turkish by three experts who were competent in both languages, then it was translated back into English again. As a result of the comparison made, several changes were made in the Turkish scale. A pilot application was used and its results were evaluated. Confirming the results of the pilot application, the scale was applied to 225 parents. The reliability of the analyzed data was tested via Cronbach’s alpha. )
RESULTS: The reliability of the data was identified as 0.84, and the scale was considered reliable. Confirmatory factor analysis for the adapted was done, and adaptation of the scale into Turkish was completed.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines scale is a valid and reliable scale for evaluating vaccine attitudes including vaccine rejection, vaccine hesitations and vaccine acceptance.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the influence of maternal factors on children’s oral health.
METHODS: Children (aged between 5 and 14 years) and their mothers were included. Clinical examinations were performed in the Pedodontics Clinic. Children were examined in deciduous and permanent dentition. A questionnaire was prepared including socioeconomic status and oral hygiene habits of children and their mothers.
RESULTS: The main finding of this study is that the mothers’ socioeconomic status significantly affect their children’s caries frequency. Caries incidence of children whose mothers have high income were lower than those of children whose mothers have both moderate and low income. A relationship was found between mothers’ level of education and their children’s toothbrushing habit. As frequency of tooth brushing of mothers increased, the frequency of tooth brushing of children increased. It’s been found that, as the mothers’ age increased, caries frequency of children decreased.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A statistically significant result was found between caries indices of children and the economic level of the mothers. Positive correlation between mothers’ level of education and percentage of tooth brushing of children was found.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatricians may be able to play an important and effective role in providing anticipatory guidance on oral health of children. When they make the right reccommendations, the erosive, cariogenic and staining effects of medications are predicted to reduced. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of pediatrists on effects of medication use on oral health.
METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive survey study was conducted on pediatricians practicing in Istanbul, Turkey. Data were collected by distributing the questionnaire to the pediatricians that works in the hospitals and private clinics. Differences between proportions of categories were assessed using the chi-square tests. The differences between two ordinal variables runksums as nonparametric test, Mann Whitney U tests for quantitative analysis.
RESULTS: 54.3% of the responders informing patients about oral health after prescribing the drugs. Only 27% of the pediatricians felt knowledgeable about informing parents about oral care after drug use. However only 17.7% of them agreed with the statement that their training about oral health during medical school/pediatrics is adequately.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is a need to organize the curriculum related to oral health in pediatrics education and to increase the level of knowledge of pediatricians through educational programmes.

INTRODUCTION: This study has been carried out in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of 9-11 Year-Olds’ Attitudes Towards Breakfast Questionnaire. This methodological-descriptive-correlational study was conducted with 646 children.
METHODS: The sample of the study consisted of 646 children who have parental permission and filled out the scales. Data were collected by Socio-demographic data form and 9-11 Year-Olds’ Attitudes towards Breakfast questionnaire. Factor analysis, cronbach alpha, item-total correlation and contrasting group comparison were used in the evaluation of the data.
RESULTS: The scale consists of 13 items and uni-dimensions which explained 32.45 % of the total variance. All the factor loadings were found to be greater than 0.30 in both explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. In confirmatory factor analysis, all of the fit indices were greater than 0.90 and RMSEA was less than 0.08. For the whole of the scale, crobach’s alpha was found to be 0.82.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The 9-11 Year-Olds’ Attitudes towards Breakfast questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish sample. By using this scale, researchers can identify students' attitudes towards breakfast, reduce negative behaviors, and develop programs to improve positive attitudes in children towards breakfast.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Training Program which was applied to the parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes diagnosis aged 3-12 years on parental attitude, parental mental health, and child behavior.
METHODS: The research was conducted in an quasiexperimental manner. The sample of the research consisted of 32 parents who had children with T1D diagnosis aged 3-12 years and who agreed to participate in the study. Data were collected using the Family Background Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Parental Attitude Research Instrument, Conflict Behavior Questionnaire and Parent Satisfaction Questionnaire. Group Triple P Programme was implemented with the all group for 8 weeks. Data were collected immediately after the programme. Data were evaluated by using multidirectional variance analysis, t- test and chi-square test.
RESULTS: It has been shown that the Group Triple P applied to the parents of the children who had children with T1D diagnosis positively affects the mental health of the parents, their parental attitudes and the problematic behaviour of the children and the parents had less conflict with their children and the children had less conflict with their parents.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is suggested to carry out studies in different centers and cities with Group Triple P Programme, to widen the use of Group Triple P Programme, to plan researches where Group Triple P programme and other programmes currently used in country would be compared.

INTRODUCTION: Sport activities are among the most important causes of dental injuries. The prevalence of dental injuries is higher in children and contact sports and the use of mouthguards can reduce their incidence. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency and type of dental injuries in child athletes and their parent’s awareness regarding the use of mouthguards.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on child athletes aged 7 – 13 years. The questionnaires were completed by their parents. The questionnaire included questions on, demographic data, type and history of sport activity, history of sports-related dental injuries, type of dental injury, awareness on mouthguards, type of mouthguard used and problems during its use. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. Level of significance was set at p< 0.05.
RESULTS: 356 child athletes with a mean age of 10.72±2.08 participated in the study. The prevalence of dental injuries during sport activity was 15.5%and was higher in boys (70.9%, 39 of 55) than in girls (29.09%, 16 of 55) (p=0.008). The most commonly affected age was 12 years (38.2%). The dental injuries rates were as follows: mobility (58%), crown fracture (36.4%) and avulsion (5.6%). The rate of awareness of the mouthguard was 48.6%, while the utilization rate was 23.9%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: According to our result, the rate of dental injuries among boys and full contact sport players are high and the most common dental injury is mobility. The age and prevalence of dental injuries in young athletes is not higher than has been reported in other countries. The provision of proper mouthguard and regular use of it possibly reduce the occurrence of dental injuries during sport activity.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a non-cardiac pulmonary edema presenting with severe dyspnea, hypoxia and bilateral diffuse infiltrates on chest X-ray. It usually occurs within the first 6 hours following the administration of plasma and plasma rich blood products. Herein, we present a patient who developed TRALI shortly after plasmapheresis due to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and received dramatic response with early systemic steroid treatment.