INTRODUCTION: This study aims to develop a microemulsion formula that can increase the solubility and stability of forskolin and is safe for topical use
METHODS: The materials used for the development of the microemulsion formula were triglyceride oil, nonionic surfactants, and polyethylene glycol for cosurfactants which were selected based on the results of the forskolin solubility test using high performance liquid chromatography. Microemulsion was formulated by phase titration method. Formula stability was determined on storage for 90 days at refrigerator, room temperature, and accelerated stability test by determining globule size, forskolin concentration, and pH. The safety of using microemulsion was determined by skin irritation tests on albino rabbits.
RESULTS: The optimum microemulsion formula consisted of Maisine CC, polyoxyethylene sorbitan 20, and polyethylene glycol 400 with a ratio of 4: 25: 5 w/v which increased the solubility of forskolin the most, namely 2.19 mg.mL-1. Based on globule size (<50nm), forskolin concentration (2 mg.mL-1), and pH (6.0-6.35), the formula was stable in refrigerator storage and room temperature, but unstable in the accelerated stability test (40ºC) starting on day 21. This optimum formula shows a primary irritation index of 0.11 which is categorized as very weak irritation and can be ignored.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The microemulsion prepared by the phase titration method containing Maisine CC, polyoxyethylene sorbitan 20 and polyethylene glycol 400 (4: 25: 5, w/v) as a base and 0.2% forskolin, is stable in refrigerator storage and room temperature. This microemulsion is very mild or negligible.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, Poly-(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) and Poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles encapsulating diphtheria toxoid (DT) were investigated for their potential as a mucosal vaccine delivery system.
METHODS: The antigen-containing microparticles were prepared using double emulsion (w/o/w) solvent evaporation method.
RESULTS: The average geometric diameter of the particles were found between 7 and 24 µm which is suitable for uptake by the antigen presenting cells in the nasal mucosa. Although the differences were not significant, PLGA polymer containing formulations exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency. The microparticle formulations, prepared with both PLGA and PCL polymers, was successfully produced at high production yields. The in vitro release profile was presented as a biexponential process with an initial burst effect due to the release of the protein adsorbed on the microsphere surface and the subsequent sustained release profile is the result of protein diffusion through the channels or pores formed in the polymer matrix. DT loaded microparticles, DT solution in phosphate buffered saline and empty microparticles (as control) were administered via nasal route and subcutaneously to guinea pigs. The antibody content of each serum sample was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Absorbance values of ELISA test showed that PLGA and PCL bearing microparticles were able to stimulate adequate systemic immune response with intranasal vaccination. Additionally, PLGA and PCL microparticles resulted in significantly increased IgG titers with intranasal administration as a booster dose following subcutaneous administration. PCL polymer elicited a high immune response compared to PLGA polymer (p<0,05).

INTRODUCTION: A diabetic ulcer is a common disease in diabetic patients. Due to antibiotic resistance, new therapeutic alternatives are being considered in diabetic foot patients to reduce complications and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of collagen hydrogel on wound healing process in diabetic rats.
METHODS: Diabetic wounds were induced with streptozotocin in all 42 male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: (a) treated with fibroblast cells, (b) collagen hydrogel, (c) collagen cultured with fibroblast cells, and (d) control group. Microscopic and histological (H&E staining and Mason trichrome staining), measurement of wound surface with Image J, skin density and thickness by the ultrasound probe, and skin elasticity with cutometer tool was used to evaluate the wound healing in a days, 14, and 21 after the treatment.
RESULTS: The results showed that the treatment of diabetic wounds with fibroblast cells cultured in collagen hydrogel greatly reduces inflammatory responses in the skin tissue and significantly accelerates the healing process. Also, 21 days after the start of treatment, skin elasticity, thickness and density were higher in the collagen + fibroblast group than in the control group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Also, the results of the present study show that diabetic wound dressing can significantly reduce the inflammatory phase in the wound healing process by increasing the speed of collagen synthesis, skin density and elasticity, and angiogenesis.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a frequent infectious disease that can be prevented and is linked to significant mortality and morbidity. The most economical way to prevent influenza is through vaccination, although this method is not widely used. This study aimed to assess the seasonal influenza vaccination rates and the knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian adults with chronic illnesses toward the influenza vaccine.
METHODS: A cross-sectional design was employed. A 26-item online survey was utilized to gather data about the patients' knowledge of and attitudes toward the influenza vaccine as well as their status as influenza vaccine recipients.
RESULTS: A total of 19% of the 564 study participants had an influenza vaccination. The majority (81%) of individuals reported inconsistent vaccination uptake. The most important factor affect vaccination is the belief the flu is not a threat (39%) and they were not advised by their doctors about the vaccination (32%). Participants with no health insurance and with public insurance had a lower level of vaccination in comparison with private insurance (p = 0.008).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The adult population of Jordan with chronic diseases have subpar immunization rates. Also revealed is a blatant misunderstanding about the value of routine influenza vaccination. These findings emphasize how urgently the public needs to be made aware of the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine.

INTRODUCTION: Chemical neurotransmission, managed by neurotransmitters, has a crucial role in brain processes such as fear, memory, learning, and pain, or neuropathologies such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, anxiety/depression, and Parkinson’s disease. The measurement of these compounds is to elucidate the disease mechanisms and evaluate the outcomes of therapeutic interventions. However, this can be quite difficult due to various matrix effects and the problems of chromatographic separation of analytes. In the current study; for the first time, an optimized and fully validated fully according to FDA and EMA Bioanalytical Validation Guidance HPLC-EC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of nine neurotransmitter compounds which are dopamine (DA), homovanilic acid (HVA), vanilmandelic acid (VA) serotonin (SER), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG), norepinephrine (NE), 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) and simultaneously determined in rat brain samples.
METHODS: The separation was achieved with 150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.6 μm F5 Kinetex (Phenomenex, USA) column isocratically, and analysis was carried out HPLC equipped with DECADE II electrochemical detector.
RESULTS: The method exhibited good selectivity and correlation coefficient values for each analyte’s calibration curves were >0.99. The detection and quantification limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 ng/mL and 3.04 to 9.13 ng/mL, respectively. The stability of the analytes and method robustness were also examined in detail in the study, and the obtained results are also presented statistically.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The developed fully validated method has been successfully applied to real rat brain samples and important results have been obtained. In the rat brain sample analysis, the least amount of SER and the highest amount of NA were found.

INTRODUCTION: Parabens, which are p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, are utilized as preservatives in personal care products, pharmaceuticals and food because of their antimicrobial activity. However, they are also classified as suspected endocrine disruptors and suspected carcinogens. In the present study, it was aimed to optimize an ultrasound and vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for simultaneous extraction of methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, isobutyl and butyl parabens from personal care products and urine.
METHODS: The parameters as extraction solvent type, extraction solvent volume, disperser solvent volume, sodium chloride concentration, ultrasonication time and vortex application time were evaluated to obtain optimum recoveries by vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Parabens were detected by a validated high performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection. The method validation was performed by examining linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy and precision.
RESULTS: Limit of detection and limit of quantification of the high performance liquid chromatography method were between 0.09-0.18 μg/mL and 0.28-0.54 μg/mL, rspectively. Precision was examined as relative standard deviation which was in the range of 0.22-1.81% and 1.12-2.03% for intra- and interday studies. Recovery percentages were higher than 96.00%. Samples of two paraben-free personal care products and a synthetic urine were spiked with the analytes at 0.02 μg/mL and were successfully analyzed by the developed procedure with recovery values higher than 82.00%.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The proposed procedure provided quantification of selected parabens at 20 ng/mL level in analyzed personal care product and urine matrices with good precision and accuracy.

INTRODUCTION: Levothyroxine (LT4) is the commonly used treatment for hypothyroidism. Deiodinases enzymes control the metabolism and homeostasis of thyroid hormones (THs). Deiodinases type III (DIO3) gene encodes deiodinase type 3 enzyme (D3), the genetic polymorphisms of this gene could affect the levels of THs and then the response to LT4 treatment. This study aims to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs1190716; C>T, of DIO3 as a candidate genetic variant that might affect the clinical response to LT4 treatment.
METHODS: Two hundred Iraqi hypothyroid female patients who were aged 40 years or older were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All of them were already on the LT4 treatment for at least 4 months. Thyroid hormones (thyroxin (T4), triiodothyrionine (T3), revers riiodothyrionine (rT3) and diiodothyrionine (T2)) were estimated. Allele specific- polymerase chain reaction technique was performed to detect the rs1190716; C>T SNP.
RESULTS: The genotypes distribution of rs1190716; C>T SNP was 10 (4.5%) for the wild type (CC), 50 (22.7%) for the heterozygous mutant type (TC), and 160 (72.7%) for the homozygous mutant type (TT). The patients were divided into three groups according to their genotypes. Significant differences were found in the levels of T4, T3 and T2 among the groups of the patients (P=0.019, P=0.039, P= 0.032, respectively)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The rs1190716; C>T SNP could affect the activity of the D3 enzyme and the metabolic homeostasis of the THs, therefore rs1190716; C>T SNP could have an impact in the therapeutic response to LT4 in Iraqi female patients with primary hypothyroidism. Regarding the DIO3 gene, this is a novel finding, hence further studies are needed to conform it.

INTRODUCTION: Capsella Medik. genus belongs to Brassicaceae family and is represented by 4 species in Turkey. Among them,
C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. is a cosmopolite species and grows naturally throughout Turkey There are a few studies on the
essential oil composition of different parts of the plant and as far as we are concerned, essential oil composition of the plant
growing in Turkey has not been studied previously. Thus, in this study we aimed to isolate and analyze the essential oil
composition of the aerial parts of C. bursa-pastoris growing naturally in Ankara, Turkey.
METHODS: Plant material was collected from Ankara University Tandoğan Campus in and essential oil of the aerial parts was
obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type apparatus for 3h and analyzed both by GC-FID and GC-MS, simultaneously.
RESULTS: Essential oil yield was determined to be 0.2% and 90.2% of the essential oil composition was identified, corresponding
to 21 components. Major components of the oil were determined to be nonacosane (19.6%) phytol (19.3%), pentacosane (13.5%),
heptacosane (9.9%), hexadecanoic acid (9.9%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Phytol was found to be the main component of the essential oil of the leaves and aerial parts
(16.34% and 13.14, respectively) in a literature study consistent with the results of our study. Essential oil content of other parts of
the species, along with species collected from different localities would be an important contribution the species and the genus and
should be performed in the future.