INTRODUCTION: The effects of a composite nanofiber wound dressing material consisting of a Poly Vinyl Alcohol and Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone polymer mixture with a hemostatic agent doped with Ankaferd Blood Stopper on the healing of experimentally induced dermal wound in rats were examined.
METHODS: Rats were divided into 4 groups (n: 6). Histological material was examined on the tissues taken from the wound site, whereas Total Antioxidant Status, Total Oxidant Status, and Oxidative Stress Index analyses were performed on the blood samples taken from the cardia. The material that was produced had hydrophilic properties, and both the ABS doped and undopped forms of the material positively affected wound healing.
RESULTS: In the histopathological examinations, macroscopic evaluations revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of wound diameter, reepithelization, and inflammation formation (p: 0.019). In parallel with wound healing and histological outcomes, TAS values increased in the ABS dopped groups, and TOS and OSI values decreased in the wound dressing groups (p<0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the ABS dopped dressing did not have a negative effect on wound healing, it accelerated healing, and it could be used effectively and safely to treat skin injuries. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological benefits and potential adverse effects of wound dressings produced by using ABS dopped polymers on wound healing.

INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, Mitragyna inermis, is widely reported for its use in epilepsy management. This study aimed to investigate if M. inermis organic and aqueous extracts are able to control seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) on mice based on flavonoid fingerprints and alkaloidal contains.
METHODS: Ethanolic extract and decoction-derived fractions from roots, leaves and stem were subjected to chromatographic fingerprinting using AlCl3 and to the screening for their antiseizure effects using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) -induced acute seizure model. From the fractions that showed potent bioactivities, the plausible antiseizure alkaloids were isolated by using thin layer chromatography and their structures were elucidated through 1H NMR, 2D NMR, 13C NMR and FAB-HR (+ve or –ve).
RESULTS: All fractions, with the exception of DCM and hexane fractions, revealed remarkable flavonoid fingerprints. Acute PTZ-induced seizure test shows that ethanolic extract of stem bark (500 mg/kg b.w.), ethyl acetate extract of stem bark (500 mg/kg b.w.) and aqueous extract of leaves (300 mg/kg b.w.) significantly delayed the occurrence of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE), however, non-significant delay was observed in the onset of first myoclonic jerk (FMJ) compared to control animals. Isolation yielded four main alkaloids that are, pteropodine (1), isopteropodine (2), mitraphylline (3) and corynoxeine (4). Corynoxeine is a new compound from M. inermis.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study suggests that flavonoid fingerprints are tracers of Mitragyna inermis anticonvulsant ingredients. Stem bark ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts and leaf aqueous extracts contain anticonvulsant bioactive principles that delay notifying the hind limb tonic extension occurring in male NMRI mice. Furthermore, alkaloidal contains remain also the plausible bioactive anticonvulsant principles. All observations support the traditional use of M. inermis to manage epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to understand the effects of alkaloid fractions, flavonoids and the isolated compounds as a promising antiseizure agent derived from M. inermis in experimental animals.

INTRODUCTION: Present study focused on formulation of mucoadhesive bilayer composite films for treatment of periodontitis and evaluation of its physicochemical properties.
METHODS: Solvent casting technique was used to prepare films. Primary layer was prepared with flaxseed and HPMC composite to sustain release of doxycycline hyclate. Second layer was comprised of sodium alginate and PVA composite for faster release of clove oil. Both layers were combined to generate bilayer film. All formulations were characterized further to get optimized formulation.
RESULTS: ATR-FTIR results showed intactness of drug and clove oil in presence of excipients. pH of films was compatible with periodontal cavity and thickness was suitable to insert into cavity. Immediate release layer showed faster disintegration and swelling. Content of clove oil was above 80%. Rate of swelling of a primary layer was slow and drug content complies with United States Pharmacopoeia. SEM analysis revealed intact, non-porous and smooth films. Films exhibited better mechanical strength and bio-adhesiveness. Clove oil was released from immediate release layer within 10 min and doxycycline hyclate release was retarded minimum of up to 8 h in primary layer as well as bilayer. Formulation also showed a significant effect on both E-coli and S. Aureus.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In current study bilayer were successfully prepared and characterized. Optimized formulation be effectively used for treatment of periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Triazolopyrimidinones are a type of compound used in medicinal chemistry. In this study, three novel triazolopyrimidinone derivatives were synthesized as drug candidates which are named ((5-(Chloromethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(3H)-one) (S1-TP), 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(piperidinomethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(3H)-one (S2-TP), and 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-5-(morpholinomethyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(3H)-one (S3-TP). Their electrochemical properties were investigated for the first time with voltammetric techniques on carbon graphite electrodes. Moreover, stability tests for each drug candidate were performed on different days. After revealing the electrochemical properties of drug candidates, their effect on double-stranded (ds) DNA was examined by measuring the oxidation currents of the guanine of dsDNA before and after the interaction.
METHODS: An electrochemical setup that included a pencil graphite electrode as the working electrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and a platinum wire as the auxiliary electrode was used in this study. The experiments for optimum pH, scan rate, and concentration of drug candidates were conducted. The interaction between Ss-TP and dsDNA was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry. The stability of each drug candidate was tested on various days.
RESULTS: A comprehensive characterization of the S1-TP, S2-TP and S3-TP compounds was studied for the first time. This study showed that the electrochemical oxidation of S1-TP and S2-TP was irreversible and diffusion-controlled. Additionally, the transfer of electrons in S3-TP was controlled by adsorption. The interaction between Ss-TP and dsDNA resulted in notable changes in the dsDNA peak potential. The dsDNA peak potential shifted negatively after interaction with S1-TP, S2-TP, and S3-TP. Under optimum conditions, the detection limits for S1-TP, S2-TP, and S3-TP were 1.5 µg/mL, 1.0 µg/mL, and 2.0 µg/mL, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: From our experimental data, we concluded that these molecules can be used as drug molecules for their remarkable effects on DNA.

INTRODUCTION: Drug-related problems result in serious problems among hospitalized patients and high rate of morbidity and mortality, and increased healthcare costs. It is aimed to identify drug-related problems by clinical pharmacist-led medication review in hospitalized probable patients with COVID-19 during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted at COVID-19 inpatient services of a tertiary university hospital in Turkey for 3 months (between March 2020 and June 2020) and included hospitalized confirmed or probable COVID-19 patients. World Health Organization (WHO) and Turkish Ministry of Health Guidelines case definitions were used to define confirmed and probable COVID-19 patients. Six clinical pharmacy residents provided medication review service during their education and training. Drug-related problems were classified based on Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) V9.00. The physician’s acceptance rate of clinical pharmacists’ recommendations was assessed.
RESULTS: Among 202 hospitalized patients with probable or confirmed COVID-19, 132 patients (65.3%) had at least one drug-related problem. Two hundred sixty-four drug-related problems were identified. Drug selection (85.6%) and dose selection (9.2%) were the most common causes of these problems. Among the 80 clinical pharmacist interventions, 48.8% were accepted by the physicians.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Clinical Pharmacists have identified a significant number of DRPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those related to drug interactions and drug safety such as ADRs. This study highlights the importance of detecting and responding to DRPs in the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to develop a simple, accurate, precise method for the estimation of bupropion and dextromethorphan in a fixed dose combination of tablet and robust high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for assay analysis for such fixed combination.

METHODS: Chromatographic analysis was performed and separations were achieved on a Denali C18 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 micron using mobile phase composition of orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in the ratio of 600: 400 (v/v), the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume is 10 µL and run time 6 minutes in isocratic elution. UV detection was carried out at a wavelength of 221 nm. The temperature was maintained at 30°C.
RESULTS: A simple, accurate, precise method has been developed for the estimation of bupropion and dextromethorphan in a fixed dose combination of tablet. The optimized method included the following parameters: Column temperature of 30°C, 40% acetonitrile as the mobile phase and flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Retention times were 2.25 min and 3.12 min for bupropion and dextromethorphan, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 17.5-105 µg/mL (for R2 <0.999) and 7.5-45 µg/mL for (R2 >0.999) for bupropion and dextromethorphan, respectively. Both APIs were dissolved more than 90% within 5 min.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A simple, reliable, economic elution RP-HPLC method for the estimation of bupropion and dextromethorphan in a fixed combination tablets dosage form. The forced degradation studies were conducted by using several degradation conditions like acidic, alkali, oxidation, thermal, UV, and neutral conditions, the proposed method was effectively employed from the resolution of sample peaks. Finally, this method was carefully validated; as a result, it can be suggested for routine analysis testing in quality control laboratory.

INTRODUCTION: The iatrogenic triad are a significant global health problem in the elderly population. This study aims to evaluate the iatrogenic triad in the elderly and identify potential preventative measures to mitigate its occurrence.
METHODS: A preliminary observational study was conducted on 150 ambulatory elderly patients to assess potentially inappropriate medications (PIM), polypharmacy, and drug interactions. AGS Beers Criteria, 2019, Polypharmacy, Medication Complexity Regimen Index (MRCI) and Micromedex (a drug information software) were used to assess the harmful triad. Before and after data collection, we observed, identified, and unfolded potential strategies to avoid the harmful triad in the elderly population.
RESULTS: The medication regimen complexity index (MRCI) is 30.49 ± 13.77, suggesting a moderate level of complexity in the drug regimens of elderly patients. Among the potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) identified by the AGS Beer criteria for 2019, glimepiride (45) and diclofenac (23) were found to be the most frequently prescribed. Moderate-level drug-drug interactions were identified between aspirin and metoprolol (20), metoprolol and metformin (13), and aspirin and enalapril (11). All drug-ethanol and drug-food interactions were found to be rapid and often unknown to patients. Furthermore, the study found that MRCI and polypharmacy were statistically significantly associated with the number of PIMs and drug interactions (p<0.01). Based on data collection, the study identified three possible ways to prevent the iatrogenic triad in elderly patients: interaction, collaboration, and continuing education.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study sheds light on the medication regimen complexity, PIMs, and drug interactions in elderly patients. The study also highlights three possible ways to prevent the iatrogenic triad, namely interaction, collaboration, and continuing education. By implementing these strategies, healthcare providers can help to prevent harm and improve the quality of care for elderly patients

INTRODUCTION: Drug-induced liver injury is a common adverse reaction that frequently occurs with chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin (CIS). The present study seeks to enhance our comprehension of drug actions and their associated adverse effects by examining the toxicity of cisplatin on rat liver tissue. Basically, we aim to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effects of irbesartan (IRB), an easily accessible angiotensin II receptor blocker, in mitigating the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin.
METHODS: Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. These groups included a control group (saline, peroral [p.o.] for seven days, and 1 ml saline intraperitoneal [i.p.] on the fourth day); a CIS group (1 ml saline for seven days and 7.5 mg/kg CIS i.p. on the fourth day); a CIS+IRB group (IRB: 50 mg/kg p.o. for seven days and 7.5 mg/kg CIS i.p. on the fourth day); an IRB group (50mg/kg IRB p.o. for seven days). The effect of Irbesartan on IL-1 beta (IL-1β) and Caspase 3 levels was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis, and its effects on mRNA expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) and Immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
RESULTS: The administration of irbesartan mitigated cisplatin-induced liver toxicity by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specifically, this drug reduced the mRNA expression of ER stress markers, including CHOP and BiP. In addition, irbesartan treatment decreased oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptotic markers.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that irbesartan may be a promising therapeutic option for preventing cisplatin-induced liver injury, potentially by modulating ER stress-related pathways.

INTRODUCTION: Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff is a medicinal shrub belonging to the Acanthaceae family and is traditionally used to treat various diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the pharmaceutical properties and phytochemical profiles of the methanolic extract of G. pictum.
METHODS: G.pictum leaves was extracted using methanol. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic on MCF-7 and HepG2, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties were evaluated in vitro. Chemical profile of the extract was identified through qualitative(for phytochemicals), quantitative (for phenolic and flavonoid content), and GC-MS analysis.
RESULTS: The results showed that the extract had potent antioxidant activity against 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with IC50 values of 49.00±3.20 µg/mL and 70.18±3.27 µg/mL, respectively. It also exhibited cytotoxic effects on the human breast (MCF-7) and liver (HepG2) carcinoma cells with growth inhibition percentages of 74.29±1.53% and 64.90±1.94%, respectively. The analysis showed that the extract had inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase activity with IC50 value 194.59±15.59 µg/mL, indicating its potential to be developed as an antidiabetic agent. Furthermore, it had antibacterial properties against four test strains, and the highest activity was found against Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 19659, with MIC and MBC values of 625 µg/mL and 1250 µg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids in the extract, with total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 41.17±2.38 mg GAE/g and 26.52±0.61 mg QE/g, respectively. Based on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, it contained several active compounds, including eicosane, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, hentriacontane, tetracosane, octacosane, sulfurous acid, 2-methylhexacosane, docosane, heneicosane, 1-propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester, and pentacosane.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Extract derived from G. pictum leaves was a potential source of therapeutic compounds, particularly for antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antibacterial agent.