Clinical Presentation of Carotid-Cavernous Fistula and Outcomes of Endovascular Balloon Embolization

Objectives: To describe the clinical presentation of carotico-cavernous fistula (CCF) and outcomes of endovascular balloon embolization in a tertiary care center in a developing country.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective interventional case series included 18 patients who underwent endovascular balloon embolization from 2019 to 2022 at Lahore General hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The analyzed data consisted of age, gender, cause and type of CCF, clinical presentation, diagnostic technique used, intervention, and the results of two-month follow-up. Patients with incomplete records and coil embolization were excluded. Digital subtraction angiography was done in all cases followed by endo-arterial balloon embolization. Procedures were carried out under general anesthesia via femoral artery approach. A single balloon was sufficient to close the fistula in all cases.
Results: There were 18 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen patients had direct CCF, and the mean age of the patients was 27.2±12.6 years. Mean time of presentation after trauma was 7.89±7.19 months. The male-to-female ratio was 8: 1. Preoperative visual acuity was worse than 6/60 in 8 patients, between 6/60 and 6/18 in 7 patients, and better than 6/18 in 3 patients. The mean intraocular pressure was 16.06±3.37 mmHg preoperatively and 14.83±3.49 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.005). Endovascular embolization was successful in 15 patients (83.3%). One patient developed epidural hematoma as a complication of the procedure, which was drained later. There was no mortality related with the procedure.
Conclusion: Balloon embolization via the femoral artery is an efficient technique in direct as well as indirect CCF. It is safe and simple with very good results if performed in a timely manner.